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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Determining whether dietary fatty acids and the use of fat spreads are associated with cardiovascular risk factors is difficult due to the multicollinearity of fatty acids and the consumption of multiple spread types. Methods: We applied clustering methodologies using data on 31 different fatty acids and 5 different types of fat spreads (high fat: butter, blended butters, and margarines; lower fat: polyunsaturated and monounsaturated) and investigated associations with blood pressure, serum lipid patterns and insulin resistance in the Raine Study Gen2 participants in Western Australia, at 20 and 22 years of age. Results: Amongst n = 785 participants, there were eight distinct clusters formed from the fatty acid data and ten distinct clusters formed from the fat spread data. Male participants had higher systolic blood pressure than females (122.2 ± 11.6 mmHg versus 111.7 ± 10.3, p < 0.001 at age 20 and 123.4 ± 10.6 versus 113.9 ± 9.8, p < 0.001 at age 22). Males consuming exclusively butter as a fat spread had significantly higher SBP (+4.3 mmHg) compared with males not using spreads. Males consuming a high intake of margarine had significantly higher SBP (+6.6 mmHg), higher DBP (+3.4 mmHg) and higher triglycerides (+30.5%). Amongst females, four patterns of fatty acid intake were associated with lower levels of HDL cholesterol compared with the low-saturated-fat/high n-3 reference group (p = 0.017 after adjustment for relevant confounders, range = −10.1% to −16.0%, p = 0.017). There were no associations between clusters and HOMA-IR or other serum lipids for males or females. Conclusions: Compared to using no fat spreads, amongst males, a high intake of margarine was characterised by higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure and higher serum triglycerides, whilst the use of butter also was associated with higher SBP. Diets low in n-3s or high in trans fats were associated with sub-optimal HDL levels amongst females.

Keywords

blood pressure, fat spreads, fatty acids, K-means, lipids, Louvain, young healthy adults

Document Type

Journal Article

Date of Publication

3-1-2025

Volume

17

Issue

5

PubMed ID

40077737

Publication Title

Nutrients

Publisher

MDPI

School

Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute / School of Medical and Health Sciences

Funding Information

The core management of the Raine Study is funded by The University of Western Australia, Curtin University, The Kids Research Institute Australia, Women and Infants Research Foundation, Edith Cowan University, Murdoch University and The University of Notre Dame Australia. The Raine Study Gen2-17 year follow-up was funded by NHMRC Program Grant (Stanley et al., ID 353514), and NHMRC project grants (Palmer et al., ID 572613, Beilin et al., 403981, Huang et al., 1059711), and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Lye et al., MOP-82893). The Raine Study Gen2-20 year follow-up was funded by NHMRC project grants Adams et al., 634445, Oddy et al., 1022134 and Skinner et al., 634509. The Raine StudyGen2-age 22 follow-up was funded by NHMRC project grants Eastwood et al., 1027449, Strakker et al., 1044840 and Hall et al., 1021858. Funding was also generously provided by WA Health, Government of Western Australia—WADOH, Future Health WA G06302 (Eastwood et al.). This project was supported by the affiliate association to the Raine Study held by Flinders University, funded by the Flinders University Research Co-investment Strategy (Flinders University, CEPSW and CNHS).

Funding received from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)

353514, 572613, 403981, 1059711, 634445, 1022134, 634509, 1027449, 1044840, 1021858

Creative Commons License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Comments

Woodman, R., Mangoni, A. A., Cohen-Woods, S., Mori, T. A., Beilin, L., Murphy, K., & Hodgson, J. (2025). Patterns of dietary fatty acids and fat spreads in relation to blood pressure, lipids and insulin resistance in young adults: A repeat cross-sectional study. Nutrients, 17(5), 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050869

Recommended Citation

Woodman, R., Mangoni, A. A., Cohen-Woods, S., Mori, T. A., Beilin, L., Murphy, K., & Hodgson, J. (2025). Patterns of dietary fatty acids and fat spreads in relation to blood pressure, lipids and insulin resistance in young adults: A repeat cross-sectional study. Nutrients, 17(5), 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050869

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Link to publisher version (DOI)

10.3390/nu17050869