Abstract

Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) pilots frequently experience difficulties with depth perception, particularly when estimating distances between the drone and environmental obstacles. This study evaluates whether the use of onboard camera imagery can improve exocentric distance estimation accuracy among ab initio drone pilots operating under visual line-of-sight (VLOS) conditions. Two groups of undergraduate students performed distance estimation tasks at 20 and 50 m. One group used direct observation only to estimate the exocentric distance between the drone and an obstacle. The second group, as well as direct observation, had access to a live video feed from the drone’s onboard camera via a ground control station. At 20 m, there was no statistically significant difference in estimation accuracy between the groups. However, at 50 m, the camera-assisted group demonstrated significantly improved accuracy in distance estimation and reduced variance in estimation error. These findings suggest that a ubiquitous and low-cost technology, originally intended for imaging, can offer measurable benefits for depth perception at greater operational distances. The inclusion of camera-assisted perception training during early-stage licensing may enhance safety and spatial judgement in RPAS operations.

Document Type

Journal Article

Date of Publication

7-1-2025

Volume

13

Issue

7

Funding Information

Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship

School

School of Science

Creative Commons License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Publisher

MDPI

Identifier

Steven Richardson: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5723-7346

Comments

Murray, J., Richardson, S., Joiner, K., & Wild, G. (2025). Aiding depth perception in initial drone training: Evidence from camera-assisted distance estimation. Technologies, 13(7), 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13070267

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