Author Identifier (ORCID)
Pema Dorji: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3243-3337
Taimoor Muzaffar Gondal: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4088-4651
Stefan Lachowicz: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8262-2898
Octavian Bass: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5814-554X
Abstract
This study proposes an integrated control–optimization framework for harmonic mitigation in two-level, grid-connected inverters with battery energy storage operating under unbalanced grid conditions. A proportional–resonant controller in the stationary (Formula presented.) frame and a proportional–integral controller in the synchronous (Formula presented.) frame are compared, with controller gains optimized using PSO, GA, and a hybrid PSO–GA approach. The hybrid method achieves superior trade-offs among THD, convergence speed, and computational effort. For the PR controller, hybrid PSO–GA reduces THD to 1.07%, satisfying IEEE 1547 and IEC 61727 standards, while for the PI controller it achieves 2.70%, outperforming standalone PSO (4.12%) and GA (3.38%). The hybrid-optimized gains further minimize tracking error indices (IAE, ISE, ITAE, ITSE), ensuring precise steady-state current regulation. Convergence analysis shows that hybrid PSO–GA attains optimal solutions within three iterations for both controllers, faster than GA and comparable to PSO for the PR case. Simulation studies on the IEEE 13-bus unbalanced feeder in DIgSILENT PowerFactory validate the proposed framework. Results confirm that the PR controller delivers a 60.36% THD reduction and tenfold ISE improvement over the optimized PI design, establishing a robust and scalable solution for harmonic suppression in unbalanced grid-tied energy systems.
Document Type
Journal Article
Date of Publication
11-1-2025
Volume
14
Issue
21
Publication Title
Electronics Switzerland
Publisher
MDPI
School
School of Engineering
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Comments
Dorji, P., Gondal, T. M., Lachowicz, S., & Bass, O. (2025). Harmonic mitigation in unbalanced grids using hybrid PSO-GA tuned PR controller for two-level SPWM inverter. Electronics, 14(21), 4351. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14214351