Author Identifier (ORCID)
Molly E. Coventry: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4066-5262
Andrea B. Mosler: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7353-2583
Paola T. Chivers: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2278-4857
Myles C. Murphy: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6068-1096
Abstract
Background: Voluntary activation testing quantifies the ability of the motor nervous system to produce maximal force. Laboratory assessment of ankle plantar flexor voluntary activation is common, but field testing in practical settings is limited by equipment portability. We aimed to compare plantar flexor voluntary activation and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) using a portable device with a standardised laboratory method and evaluate the test–retest reliability of the portable protocol. Methods: We performed a pseudo-randomised, crossover design. Participants completed two protocols: (1) portable force plate testing and (2) a laboratory-based isokinetic dynamometer. Voluntary activation was assessed using twitch interpolation via tibial nerve stimulation. Differences between protocols were analysed using generalised estimating equations. Reliability was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and coefficient of variation (CV). Results: Twenty healthy participants (8 females, 12 males; median age 28.5 years) were included. No difference between protocols was detected for voluntary activation (β = 0.6, p = 0.68). The portable protocol demonstrated good reliability (ICC = 0.85) and low measurement error (SEM = 2.56%, CV = 2.79%). Conclusions: We demonstrated that the portable protocol is a valid and reliable method for assessing plantar flexor voluntary activation. It is suitable for assessing within-subject changes over time and can reduce participant attendance burden for neurophysiological muscle testing.
Keywords
Calf, interpolated twitch technique, triceps surae
Document Type
Journal Article
Date of Publication
3-1-2026
Volume
11
Issue
1
Publication Title
Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
Publisher
MDPI
School
Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute / School of Medical and Health Sciences
Funders
Australian Physiotherapy Association Physiotherapy Research Foundation Seeding Grants (R00185, G1007584)
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Comments
Coventry, M. E., Mosler, A. B., Chivers, P. T., Green, B. D., Rio, E. K., & Murphy, M. C. (2026). Measuring plantar flexor voluntary activation and maximal voluntary contraction in a portable, seated method: A validity and reliability study. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 11(1), 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk11010116